Which of the following could be a cause of abnormal uterine bleeding?

Abnormal uterine bleeding can stem from various underlying conditions, and the answer indicating that "All of the listed options" encompasses multiple potential causes demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of this complex issue.

Hypothyroidism can lead to hormonal imbalances, which may disrupt the menstrual cycle and result in irregular or abnormal bleeding patterns. The thyroid hormone plays an essential role in regulating various physiological processes, including those within the reproductive system. A deficiency can lead to heavier, prolonged menstrual bleeding or even missed periods.

The use of oral contraceptives is another significant factor associated with abnormal uterine bleeding. While these medications are commonly prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles, they can sometimes lead to side effects, including breakthrough bleeding or spotting, particularly during the initial months of use or if pills are missed.

Bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease or thrombocytopenia, can also contribute to abnormal uterine bleeding. These conditions impair the blood's ability to clot properly, resulting in excessive bleeding during menstruation or after minor injuries.

Together, these factors illustrate the complexity of abnormal uterine bleeding and highlight the importance of considering a range of hormonal, pharmacological, and hematological influences that may affect a woman's menstrual health. Therefore, the inclusive answer correctly acknowledges that multiple causes can