Which hormonal change is primarily responsible for breast tenderness during the premenstrual period?

Breast tenderness during the premenstrual period is primarily linked to increased estrogen levels. As the menstrual cycle approaches its luteal phase, there is a rise in estrogen due to the development of the ovarian follicles. This increase in estrogen can lead to swelling and sensitivity in breast tissue, causing discomfort. The hormonal environment during this phase prepares the body for a potential pregnancy, and changes in estrogen also promote water retention and vascular changes, which can further contribute to the feeling of fullness and tenderness in the breasts.

In the context of menstrual cycle physiology, breast tenderness is a common symptom experienced during the premenstrual phase, primarily as a result of these heightened estrogenic effects.